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Bonding Molecular Orbitals vs  Antibonding Molecular Orbitals Bonding Molecular Orbitals 1. Formed yesteryear additional overlap 2. More Stable 3. Energy is less 4. Electron density betwixt the bonded nuclei higher Antibonding Molecular Orbitals 1. Formed yesteryear subtraction overlap 2. Less stable 3. Energy is greater 4. Electron density betwixt the bonded nuclei is lower.

Schottky defect arise when equal publish of cations in addition to anions are missing from the lattice. It is a mutual defect inwards ionic compounds of high coordination number* where both cations in addition to anions are of the same size. Due to this density of crystal decreases in addition to begins to acquit electricity to a smaller extent.  Examples: KBr, NaCl KCI  Frenkel defect arises when closed to of the ions of the lattice occupy interstitial sites leaving lattice vacant. This defect to a greater extent than frequently than non establish inwards ionic crystals where anion is much larger inwards size than the cation. Due to this density does non alter inwards overall composition of the crystal.  Examples:Zns, AgBr Schottky Defect vs Frenkel Defect Schottky Defect 1. Equal publish of cations in addition to anions are missing from the lattice sites. 2. Found inwards highly ionic compounds amongst high coordination numb...

Solids have definite mass, book in addition to cast due to the fixed positions of their element particles.  Amorphous in addition to crystalline  are ii types of solids.  Amorphous vs Crystalline solids Amorphous in addition to crystalline solids differ  in the properties such equally cleavage property, melting point, shape, anisotropy etc.  Amorphous solids 1. There is alone a short  make social club inwards amorphous solids 2. Amorphous solids produce non convey a sudden melting point; they are softened inwards a make of temperature. 3. Amorphous solids undergo irregular or conchoidal breakage. 4. Amorphous solids are  isotrophic -the properties volition endure independent of the management inwards which they are measured. 5. Less rigid. Examples of Amorphous solids:  Fibre glass, Cellophane, Teflon, Polyurethane, Naphthalene, Polyvinyl chloride Amorphous construction of a glassy venture (left) in addition to...

Electronic Conduction 1. It is due to the menses of electrons 2. It involves no chemic change 3. There is no transfer of matter 4. Conductase decreases amongst increases inwards temperature (ie. resistance increases amongst temperature) Electrolytic Conduction 1. It is due to the menses of ions 2. It involves chemic changes 3. It involves transfer of matter 4. Conductance increases amongst increment inwards temperature(ie. resistance decreases amongst increment inwards temperature)

Order 1. It is an experimental quantity 2. It is the amount of the powers to which the concentration damage are raised inwards the charge per unit of measurement police pull equation 3. It may convey fractional values 4. It tin hold upwards Zero Molecularity 1. It is a theoretical concept 2. It is the set out of species undergoing simultaneous collision inwards the reaction 3. It has exclusively whole set out values 4. It cannot hold upwards zero

Alcohols 1. Alcohols create non accept whatever final result on litmus paper. They are neutral 2. Alcohols accept no activity alongside bromine water 3. Develop no feature coloring cloth alongside neutral FeCl 3  Solution 4. They cannot present coupling reaction alongside arene diazonium salt 5. They create non react alongside NaOH Phenols 1. Phenols alter blueish litmus red. They are acidic. 2. Phenols hand white precipitate alongside bromine water 3. Develop feature colours(red, violet, light-green etc) alongside neutral FeCl 3  solution 4. They shape azo-dyes past times coupling alongside arene diazonium salts 5. They react alongside NaOH to shape phenoxides

Adsorption 1. It is a surface phenomenon 2. It involves unequal distribution of the molecular species inwards mass in addition to at the surface. 3. It is rapid inwards the starting fourth dimension in addition to slows downwardly almost the equilibrium. Absorption 1. It occurs throughout the trunk of the material 2. It involves uniform distribution of the molecular species 3. It occurs at a uniform rate

Mixture is the combination of 2 or to a greater extent than pure substances where each kernel retains its ain identity.  It is collection of different particles that volition non undergo a chemic reaction. A mixture has variable combinations Example: alcohol-water mixture, both co-exist together. A mixture tin move either homogeneous or heterogeneous    Homogeneous Mixture vs Heterogeneous Mixture Homogeneous mixture 1. It has uniform composition 2. The particles are uniformly distributed Example of  Homogeneous mixture : alcohol-water mixture nosotros telephone phone this homogeneous mixture equally a solution, Sugar in addition to water, Air is a homogeneous mixture of gases Heterogeneous mixture 1. It has a non-uniform composition 2. Particles involved are non uniformly distributed Example of  Heterogeneous mixture : body of body of water water, concrete, a mixture of common salt H2O in addition to sand. Learn more: Elements, Com...

The procedure of mixing of atomic orbitals of nearly same unloosen energy to attain a railroad train of alone novel orbitals of equivalent unloosen energy (hybrid orbitals) is known every bit hybridization. Atomic orbitals of almost the same unloosen energy belonging to the same atom or ion tin accept business office inwards hybridization.. The release of hybrid orbitals formed is ever equal to the release of atomic orbitals taking business office inwards hybridization. The hybrid orbitals repel each other too tend to locomote farthest apart. Hybrid orbitals forms only sigma (σ bonds ) σ too pi bonds( π bonds ) are formed yesteryear unhybridised orbitals. Sigma bond : This type of covalent bond is formed yesteryear the axial or terminate to terminate overlapping of one-half filled atomic orbitals of the atoms participating inwards bonding. The electron cloud formed every bit a resultant of axial overlap is cylindrically symmetrical nearly inter nuclear axis. Pi bond : ...

Electrons revolve approximately the nucleus of the atom as well as thus nosotros tin seat regions of infinite approximately the nucleus where at that spot is high probability of finding an electron. This leads to the concept of orbitals inwards house of definite orbits proposed past times Bohr. An orbital may last defined every bit the share of infinite approximately the nucleus where at that spot is maximum probability of finding an electron. Diagrammatic representation of orbitals is difficult. The electrons revolve approximately the nucleus exclusively inwards for sure selected round out paths called orbits . These orbits are associated alongside definite energies as well as are called liberate energy levels or liberate energy shells or quantum levels. These are numbered every bit 1, 2, 3, iv etc. or designated every bit K, L, M, north etc. Orbit vs Orbital Orbit Orbital It is good defined round out path followed past times revolving electron approximate...

Based on the chemic composition of the substance, thing may last classified every bit elements, compounds or mixtures. a) Elements: These are substances which cannot last reduced to simpler materials either past times physical or chemic changes. Example of elements: Copper, silver, gilded etc. b) Compound : H5N1 chemical compound is a kernel which contains ii or to a greater extent than elements chemically combined together Example of compounds: Water, salt, ammonia, methane, benzene. c) Mixture : When ii or to a greater extent than substances are combined past times physical methods inwards whatsoever proportion together with no novel substances is formed thence it is called a mixture.  Mixture is of ii types: Homogeneous together with heterogeneous .  Homogeneous mixtures accept the same composition throughout. Heterogeneous mixtures accept dissimilar composition inwards dissimilar parts of the mixture. Example of mixtures:  Combination of sulphur, Fe f...

The give-and-take smog is combination of smoke as well as fog. At to the lowest degree ii distinct types of smog are recognized:   Classical smog and photochemical smog. Classical  smog is every bit good known every bit sulfurous smog or London smog. Sulfurous smog, which results from a high concentration of sulfur oxides inward the air as well as is caused yesteryear the purpose of sulfur-bearing fossil fuels, peculiarly coal . Photochemical smog: This type of smog was observed inward Los Angeles(1940s) as well as so named every bit Los Angeles smog. It is formed when the air contains   NO 2  and hydrocarbons as well as the mixture is exposed to sunlight. As the reaction receive got house inward the presence of calorie-free to shape the smog, it is called photochemical smog. London Smog vs Los Angeles Smog (Main constituents as well as chemistry) Classical Smog vs Photochemical Smog London smog   or  Classical smog...

The substances which permit electricity  to piece of employment yesteryear through them are called conductors.   Example of conductors: Metals, bases, salts, Solution of acids. The conductors are of ii types: Metallic conductors in addition to Electrolytic conductors. a) Metallic conductors or Electronic conductors are substances which permit the passage of electricity through them without undergoing whatsoever chemic change. In these, electricity is carried solely yesteryear the carry of electrons. Hence these are besides called electronic conductors.  Example of Metallic conductors: Alloys, Graphite, Metals b) Electrolytic Conductors or Ionic conductors  are substances which permit the passage of electricity through them inward their molten states or to a greater extent than commonly, inward their aqueous solutions in addition to undergo chemical  decomposition. In these, electricity is carried yesteryear the drive of positive in addition ...

Electrolytes are of 2 types: Strong electrolytes in addition to Weak electrolytes Strong electrolytes: These are substances which dissociate close completely inwards solution in addition to therefore acquit electricity to a large extent. Example of  Strong electrolytes: Strong acids (HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 etc, rigid bases (NaOH, KOH) etc in addition to salts (KCl, NaCl) etc. Weak electrolytes:These are substances which undergo exclusively slight dissociation  in solution in addition to therefore acquit electricity to a pocket-sized extent. Example of  Weak electrolytes: Weak acids(CH 3 COOH, H 2 CO 3 , HCN etc) in addition to weak bases (NH 4 OH, Ca(OH) 2 etc.  Strong electrolytes vs Weak electrolytes Strong electrolytes Weak electrolytes 1. Completely dissociated at moderate concentrations Not completely dissociated at moderate concentrations  2. Conductance increases amongst dilution but the increment is excl...

Ore is the mineral from which the metallic is conveniently in addition to economically extracted. Ore has definite composition. Mineral vs Ore Mineral Ore Naturally occurring substances of metals acquaint inwards the earth’s crust are called minerals. Minerals which tin hand the axe used to obtain the metallic profitably are called ores. All minerals are non ores. All ores are essentially minerals too. Example: Clay is the mineral of Aluminium. Examples: Bauxite in addition to Cryolite  are the master copy ores of Aluminium