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Biotechnology is the controlled together with deliberate application of unproblematic biological agents-living or dead cells or jail mobile telephone components-in technically useful operations either of productive industry or every bit service operation. Simply it is the role or manipulation of biological agents for manufacturing roughly products or services. Take the instance of Humulin, insulin developed past times rDNA applied scientific discipline or biotechnology. It is a product. If nosotros could genetically manipulate a bacteria or fungus to degrade the environmental menace similar plastic, together with thence it is a service to protect environment. Biotechnology is largely a commercial technology. Old Biotechnology vs New Biotechnology Let us accept roughly examples to explicate the concept. Case I: Examples of one-time biotechnology  Conversion of milk to curd Use of many biological organisms similar yeast inwards wining toget...

On the footing of evolution the sporangia convey been classified yesteryear Goebel into ii categories: eusporangiate in addition to leptosporangiate. Eusporangiate Sporangium:  A large sporangium developing from several initial cells producing many spores. There are sometimes fused to cast synangia. Leptosporangiate Sporangium:  Small, specialized sporangia developing from a unmarried initial jail cellular telephone producing a small, definite number(<128) of spores. These oftentimes direct house inward a cluster (sorus) that is oftentimes covered yesteryear a flap of tissue known every minute an indusium. Eusporangiate vs  Leptosporangiate  Eusporangiate Sporangium: 1. H5N1 superficial jail cellular telephone divides yesteryear a periclinal wall forming an outer in addition to inner miss cell. 2. The sporogenous tissue is derived from inner miss cell. 3. The following cells are involved inward the formation of the sp...

The procedure of transferring of data stored inward deoxyribonucleic acid to mRNA through the synthesis of RNA over the template of deoxyribonucleic acid is called transcription . Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Transcription Prokaryotic Transcription: 1. Coupled transcription-translation is the rule. 2. Occurs inward the cytoplasm. 3. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 unmarried RNA polymerase synthesises all the iii three types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) 4. RNAs are released as well as processed inward the cytoplasm. 5. Transcriptional unit of measurement has ane or to a greater extent than genes ( Polycistronic ) 6. The 23S, 16S as well as 5S rRNAs are formed from a unmarried principal transcript. Eukaryotic Transcription: 1. Coupled transcription translation is non possible. 2. Occurs inward the nucleus. 3. The RNA polymerases I, II as well as III synthesizes rRNA, mRNA as well as tRNA respectively. 4. RNAs are released as well as processes inward the nucleus. 5....

The evolutionary persuasion contributed  proposed past times Charles Darwin called ‘ Darwinism ’ or Natural alternative theory, explaining the machinery of evolution  is clearly stated inward his majority ‘ Origin of species’. The of import postulates of the theory are: Over production, Struggle for existence, Variations, Survival of the fittest, in addition to Origin of species. Lamarckism is popularly known equally theory of inheritance of acquired characters or theory of exercise in addition to disuse organs. Darwinism vs Lamarckism Darwinism 1. It does non believe inward the internal vital force. 2. They attain non degree exercise of Darwin’s natural alternative theory. 3. An organ tin go prepare farther or degenerate solely due to continuous variations. 4. Struggle for beingness is rattling of import inward this theory. 5. Only useful variations are transferred to the side past times side generation. 6. Darwin’s natural alternative theo...

Indusium is a fragile membranous construction that protects the sporangium or sorus inwards pteridophytes Based on the origin, Indusium may last truthful or false. True indusium: In the figure, corporation red circle – True indusium 1. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 fragile membranous construction arises from the lower side in addition to covers the sorus of sporangia (refer figure) 2. Originates from the lower side of the pinnae equally an epidermal outgrowth 3. Specialized construction formed on the lower side of pinnae for protection of sorus 4. Seen inwards Dryopteris False indusium: In the figure, corporation red circle –false indusium originating from the margins 1. It is formed yesteryear the curving of margins of the pinnae or leaflet that protects the marginal sorus. 2. Originates from the upper side of the pinnae. 3. Formed yesteryear the curving of margins of pinnae. 4.  Seen inwards Pteris, Adiantum

Chromosomal disorders: These genetic disorders are caused due to absence or excess or abnormal organisation of 1 or to a greater extent than chromosomes. These are noninheritable together with pedigree analysis of a household unit of measurement does non help inwards tracing the blueprint of inheritance of such chromosomal disorders. These are 2 types: abnormalities due to aneuploidy together with aberrations either inwards autosomes or inwards sexual practice chromosomes.   Autosomal vs Sex chromosomal disorders Autosomal disorders : 1. These arise past times cistron mutations inwards autosomal chromosomes. 2. These disorders touching on both the sexes, i.e., males together with females. 3. The mutated cistron may last dominant / recessive. 4. The endure is homozygous or heterozygous, e.g., Down’s syndrome , Huntington's disease ’s chorea, sickle jail cellular telephone anemia , alkaptonuria. Sex chromosomal disorders : 1. These arise past times cistron mutation inw...

There are ii views regarding the vogue of activity of enzymes: Lock in addition to Key hypothesis (theory) Induced correspond hypothesis (theory). Lock in addition to Key Theory: Emil Fisher proposed this hypothesis inwards 1894. According to this hypothesis the active site of the enzyme is similar a ‘lock’ into which substrate fits similar a ‘key’.i.e., the shape of the active site in addition to the substrate molecules are complementary . So the enzyme molecule holds the substrate, molecule closed together, forming the unusable intermediate compound, the enzyme substrate complex. It dissociates to shape enzyme in addition to products. Induced Fit Theory: Daniel E.Koshland formulated this hypothesis inwards 1959. According to this hypothesis the active site does non convey a stiff ‘lock in addition to key’ conformation. The binding of the substrate molecule to the enzyme molecule induces to modify the shape of the active site in addition to thence that it becomes compleme...