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Bonding Molecular Orbitals vs  Antibonding Molecular Orbitals Bonding Molecular Orbitals 1. Formed yesteryear additional overlap 2. More Stable 3. Energy is less 4. Electron density betwixt the bonded nuclei higher Antibonding Molecular Orbitals 1. Formed yesteryear subtraction overlap 2. Less stable 3. Energy is greater 4. Electron density betwixt the bonded nuclei is lower.

Schottky defect arise when equal publish of cations in addition to anions are missing from the lattice. It is a mutual defect inwards ionic compounds of high coordination number* where both cations in addition to anions are of the same size. Due to this density of crystal decreases in addition to begins to acquit electricity to a smaller extent.  Examples: KBr, NaCl KCI  Frenkel defect arises when closed to of the ions of the lattice occupy interstitial sites leaving lattice vacant. This defect to a greater extent than frequently than non establish inwards ionic crystals where anion is much larger inwards size than the cation. Due to this density does non alter inwards overall composition of the crystal.  Examples:Zns, AgBr Schottky Defect vs Frenkel Defect Schottky Defect 1. Equal publish of cations in addition to anions are missing from the lattice sites. 2. Found inwards highly ionic compounds amongst high coordination numb...

Solids have definite mass, book in addition to cast due to the fixed positions of their element particles.  Amorphous in addition to crystalline  are ii types of solids.  Amorphous vs Crystalline solids Amorphous in addition to crystalline solids differ  in the properties such equally cleavage property, melting point, shape, anisotropy etc.  Amorphous solids 1. There is alone a short  make social club inwards amorphous solids 2. Amorphous solids produce non convey a sudden melting point; they are softened inwards a make of temperature. 3. Amorphous solids undergo irregular or conchoidal breakage. 4. Amorphous solids are  isotrophic -the properties volition endure independent of the management inwards which they are measured. 5. Less rigid. Examples of Amorphous solids:  Fibre glass, Cellophane, Teflon, Polyurethane, Naphthalene, Polyvinyl chloride Amorphous construction of a glassy venture (left) in addition to...

Electronic Conduction 1. It is due to the menses of electrons 2. It involves no chemic change 3. There is no transfer of matter 4. Conductase decreases amongst increases inwards temperature (ie. resistance increases amongst temperature) Electrolytic Conduction 1. It is due to the menses of ions 2. It involves chemic changes 3. It involves transfer of matter 4. Conductance increases amongst increment inwards temperature(ie. resistance decreases amongst increment inwards temperature)

Order 1. It is an experimental quantity 2. It is the amount of the powers to which the concentration damage are raised inwards the charge per unit of measurement police pull equation 3. It may convey fractional values 4. It tin hold upwards Zero Molecularity 1. It is a theoretical concept 2. It is the set out of species undergoing simultaneous collision inwards the reaction 3. It has exclusively whole set out values 4. It cannot hold upwards zero

Electrolytes which ionize almost completely inwards solutions are known every bit strong electrolytes spell electrolytes which ionize only to a minor extent inwards solutions are known every bit weak electrolytes . Difference between : Strong Electrolytes in addition to Weak Electrolytes Strong Electrolytes Strong Electrolytes 1. Completely dissociated at moderate concentrations 2. Conductance increases amongst dilution but the increment is solely slight. 3. There are potent interionic attraction at moderate concentrations. 4. The λm vs √c plot is linear at depression concentrations. Weak Electrolytes Weak Electrolytes 1. Not completely dissociated at moderate concentrations 2. Conductance increases speedily amongst dilution peculiarly close interplanetary space dilution 3. Interionic attractions are non potent fifty-fifty at higher concentrations 4. The λm vs √c plot is non linear fifty-fifty at dep...

Alcohols 1. Alcohols create non accept whatever final result on litmus paper. They are neutral 2. Alcohols accept no activity alongside bromine water 3. Develop no feature coloring cloth alongside neutral FeCl 3  Solution 4. They cannot present coupling reaction alongside arene diazonium salt 5. They create non react alongside NaOH Phenols 1. Phenols alter blueish litmus red. They are acidic. 2. Phenols hand white precipitate alongside bromine water 3. Develop feature colours(red, violet, light-green etc) alongside neutral FeCl 3  solution 4. They shape azo-dyes past times coupling alongside arene diazonium salts 5. They react alongside NaOH to shape phenoxides

Nuclear Fusion 1. Confined to lighter nuclei 2. It is non a chain reaction 3. It requires extremely high temperatures 4.Energy is released is much to a greater extent than than that of fission reaction. 5. It cannot survive controlled Example: Hydrogen bomb Nuclear Fission 1. Confined to heavy nuclei 2. It is a chain reaction 3. It does non demand high temperature 4. Large total of position out energy is released 5.It tin survive controlled Example: Atomic Bomb

Adsorption 1. It is a surface phenomenon 2. It involves unequal distribution of the molecular species inwards mass in addition to at the surface. 3. It is rapid inwards the starting fourth dimension in addition to slows downwardly almost the equilibrium. Absorption 1. It occurs throughout the trunk of the material 2. It involves uniform distribution of the molecular species 3. It occurs at a uniform rate

Physical Adsorption 1. This is ordinarily takes house at cold as well as decreases alongside growth inwards temperature. 2. The forces of attraction asset the adsorbate are Vander Waal’s forces 3. Heat of adsorption is low 4. It is reversible 5. It is non really specific 6. It forms multimolecular layer 7. It does non bespeak whatsoever activation energy Chemical Adsorption 1. This takes house at high temperature 2. The forces of attraction asset the adsorbate are chemic bond forces 3.Heat of adsorption is high 4. It is irreversible 5. It is highly specific 6. It forms monomolecular layer 7. It requires activation energy

Proteins are the most abundant organic molecules of the living system. They hand off inwards every constituent of the prison theater cellphone in addition to flora virtually 50% of the cellular dry out weight. Proteins cast the structural in addition to constituent of life. The biological constituent of a poly peptide is due to its conformation, which is defined equally the 3 dimensional scheme of the atoms of a molecule. Four basic struct ural levels  are assigned to proteins: primary, secondary, 3rd and quarternary structures.  Protein Structure Primary Structure 1. Amino acids are joined together past times peptide linkage. 2. The sequence inwards which the amino acids are arranged inwards poly peptide is called mind structure. Secondary Structure 1. It arises due to the regular folding of the poly peptide chain due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding betwixt >C=O in addition to –NH2 groups 2. The peptide chain tin hold upward coiled to...

The give-and-take poly peptide is derived from the Greek give-and-take ‘proteos’ pregnant first. The get upward indicates that they are real essential for the increment together with maintenance of the body. They occur inward the protoplasm of the living cells. Proteins fulfill a broad attain of  functions such every bit mechanical movements, transporting cellular necessities such every bit oxygen, metallic etc. Based on solubility they are classified into 2 groups: Fibrous together with Globular proteins.  Fibrous Proteins  ( Examples: Silk, Skin, wool etc ) 1. They are insoluble inward water, acids, bases etc. 2. They accept comparatively stronger intermolecular forces of attraction. 3. They accept thread similar structure. 4. They accept helical or canvass structure. Globular Proteins ( Examples: Egg albumin, casein of milk ) 1. They are soluble inward water, acids, bases etc. 2. They accept weak intermolecular hydrogen bonding. ...

DNA vs RNA DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) 1. Is the genetic cloth inwards all eukaryotes too Prokaryotes. 2. Predominantly located inwards the nucleus. Also seen inwards mitochondria,, chloroplasts etc. 3. It is double stranded. 4. The carbohydrate is deoxyribose. 5. The pyramidine bases are cytosine too thymine etc. RNA  (Ribonucleic acid) 1.Is the genetic cloth inwards certain  constitute viruses. 2. Found generally inwards nucleolus, ribosomes, too cytoplam. 3.It is unmarried stranded. 4. The carbohydrate is ribose. 5. The pyramidine bases are cytosine too uracil. Learn to a greater extent than :  DNA too RNA

Primary Lymphoid Organs  ( Example : Thymus, Bone marrow, Bursa of Fabricius) 1. The lymphoid stalk cells proliferate, differentiate together with mature 2. Contain either B cells or Tcells 3. Antigen cannot enter  in 4.They atrophy alongside age Secondary Lymphoid Organs  ( Example: Spleen, Lymph nodes, Peyers patches, Tonsils) 1. The lymphoid cells overstep away functional 2. Contain both T together with B cells. 3. Antigen enters inwards together with stimulates the lymphoid cells 4. They increase inwards size alongside age

Green Manure 1. It is a quick growing crop, cultivated too ploughed under, to contain it into the soil. 2. It provides organic affair also equally additional nitrogen, specially if it is a legume crop. 3.It is helpful inwards maintaining reason form, aeration too hydration. 4.It exercisers a protective activity against reason erosion too leaching. Example: Sunhemp, Horse gram, Cow pea, Sweet clover, Lentil etc Biofertilizer 1. Biofertlizer is a micro organism. 2. It brings nearly food enrichment of the soil. 3. No such business office is attributable to a biofertlizer 4. Symbiotic too not symbiotic bacteria increase the nitrogen content of the soil.(Cyanobacterial biofertilizer may hold upwards helpful inwards overcoming alkalinity too forbid reason erosion. Ectomycorrhiza may increase the surface expanse of absorption.) Example: Bacteria, Cyanobacteria (Blue dark-green algae)

Clone 1. Product of asexual reproduction 2. Monoparental 3. Formed yesteryear mitosis only 4. No recombination of gene 5. Exact replica of the bring upwards results Offspring 1.Product of asexual reproduction 2. Biparental 3.Meiosis cause got house prior to the formation of gametes followed yesteryear mitosis 4.Due to gamble of segregation in addition to gamble combination of genes, offspring demo genetic variation 5.Differs from parents

Algae a re a grouping of lower photosynthetic aquatic plants.  The torso of  algae  is called thallus. It may endure unicellular or multicellular. Generally the algae are classified into iii groups based on the presence of photosynthetic and accessory pigments. They are  brown,   red as well as light-green algae .  The branch of biological scientific discipline that deals alongside algal studies is called Phycology. Fungi  (sing. Fungus) are grouping of heterotrophic , spore bearing as well as non vascular organisms without chlorophyll.   Fungi are quite various inward their scheme ; roughly are ane celled similar yeast as well as others are real complex similar mushrooms.  Mycology is the branch of biological scientific discipline which deals alongside the report of fungi. Classification of Fungi Algae vs Fungi Algae Fungi They are by as well as large aquatic, institute inward fresh too every bit marine water. #...

Metallic Conduction vs Electrolytic Conduction (Revised) Metallic Conduction 1. It is due to the period of time of electrons 2. It involves no chemic change 3. There is no transfer of matter 4. Conductance decreases alongside increases alongside increment inwards temperature. Metallic Conduction too Electrolytic Conduction Electrolytic Conduction 1. It is due to the period of time of ions 2. It involves chemic changes 3. It involves transfer of matter 4. Conductance increment alongside increment inwards temperature

Seed:  In the sexual reproduction of Spermatophyta (seed plants), the discrete trunk from which a novel constitute develops. Formed from a fertilized ovule, the seed comprises an outer coat (testa) that encloses a nutrient shop as well as an embryo plant. The food may hold out stored inwards the cotlydedons of the embryo itself or unopen to the embryo on the endosperm . Endospermic seeds  vs  Non endospermic seeds Endospermic seeds  (Example: Piper, Arabidopsis thaliana ) 1.  Seed amongst endosperm 2. Food storage of the seed is inwards the endosperm 3. Seed of dicots or monocots only Non endospermic seeds  (Example: Beans) 1.Seed amongst out endosperm 2.Food storage is in  the cotyledon 3. Seed of dicots

Living: 1. Movement : They exhibit displace due to internal causes 2. Respiration :They intermission downwardly organic materials alongside the publish of unloose energy for the activities. 3. Reproduction: They reproduce their ain kind Non Living: 1. Movement : They tin forcefulness out endure moving entirely mechanically past times external force. 2. Respiration :They may burn downwardly alongside the liberation of oestrus unloose energy instantaneously, non for their ain use. 3. Reproduction:They arrive at non reproduce. They may intermission into parts mechanically.