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Linkage: T.H. Morgan performed a serial of experiments amongst Drosophila (1910-1914). He showed that 2 genes were found inwards coupling stage (cis) or repulsion stage (trans), because these were acquaint on the same chromosome pair. Such genes are called linked genes in addition to the phenomenon was called linkage. The genes on a given chromosome cannot assort independently in addition to are called linked genes. The nation of many genes existence acquaint on the same chromosome is called Linkage. The publish of linkage groups for whatever organism is equal to the haploid chromosome number. In adult man the publish of linkage groups is 23, corresponding to the chromosome publish n=23. Drosophila has 4 linkage groups. Crossing Over: Recombination results from crossing over . The procedure of crossing over occurs yesteryear a machinery called breakage in addition to reunion theory (Darlington; 1937) in addition to comprises iv steps: synapsis , tetrad formation , crossing o

Spermatogenesis: the procedure of formation of sperms is called spermatogenesis . It occurs inward the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The seminiferous tubules are lined past times germinal epithelium. The germinal epithelium consists largely of cubuoid mind or primordial germ cells (PGCs) in addition to contains for certain tall somatic cells called sertoli cells (nurse cells). It includes formation of spermatids in addition to formation of spermatozoa. Spermiogenesis: The transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa is called spermiogenesis or spermateliosis. Difference betwixt Spermatogenesis in addition to Spermiogenesis Spermatogenesis: 1. It is the procedure of formation of haploid spermatozoa (sperms) from the undifferentiated diploid primodial germ cells of the testes. 2. It involves multiplication phase, increase phase, maturation stage in addition to differentiation phase. 3. H5N1 spermatogonium produces 4 spermatozoa (sperms) Spermiogenesis:

Callus Culture agency an unorganised proliferative volume of cells produced from isolated establish cells, tissues or organs when grown ascetically on artificial food medium inwards drinking glass vials nether controlled experimental conditions. Suspension Culture is a type of civilisation inwards which unmarried cells or pocket-size aggregates of cells multiply piece suspended inwards agitated liquid medium. It is likewise referred to equally jail cellular telephone civilisation or jail cellular telephone interruption culture. Callus Culture vs Suspension Culture Callus Culture 1. In this culture, jail cellular telephone partitioning inwards explants forms a callus. Callus is an irregular unorganized together with undifferentiated volume of actively dividing cells. 2. The civilisation is maintained on agar medium. 3. The medium contains increment regulators auxin such equally 2, 4-D together with cytokinins similar BAP. 4. Callus is obtained inside 2-3 weeks.

Cockroaches are constitute inward places where in that location is a warmth, dampness together with enough of organic nutrient to devour. It is terrestrial, nocturnal, cursorial (fast runner), omnivorous together with unspecialized insect. The trunk of cockroach is narrow, elongated together with bilaterally symmetrical. Its trunk is dorsiventrally flattened. The adult cockroach is reddish brownish inward colour. Male together with woman someone Cockroach Male Cockroach: 1.  Tenth abdominal  segment carries ii pairs of abdominal appendages- i) segmented together with cerci together with ii) un segmented anal styles or caudal styles. 2. Posterior piece of job of abdomen is less wide together with elongated. 3. Sternum of 7th segment is non divided. 4. VII (8th) sclerite is overlapped yesteryear sclerite of VII (7th) segment. 5. Second together with tertiary basal segment of antennae are equal. Female Cockroach: 1. Tenth abdominal segment carries solely

The endocrine organisation controls the trunk activities past times producing chemic substances called hormones are chemic messengers, secreted past times ductless gland known equally endocrine glands. Exocrine gland secrete their products into ducts or channels, that comport them either to the exterior of the trunk or into trunk cavities. Some glands similar pancreas perform both exocrine as well as endocrine functions. Exocrine gland vs Endocrine gland Exocrine gland: 1. They may or may non convey ducts. 2.  The secretion is poured lead at the site of activity or reaches the target 3. They secrete enzymes 4. They command curt term activity Example : Gastric gland, Salivary gland as well as Sweat glands Endocrine gland: 1. These are ductless glands 2. They pour secretion lead into the blood 3. They secrete hormones 4. They command long term of target organs Example : Thyroid gland, Pituitary as well as adrenals

To describe the genealogy of modern human being from ancestral monkeys onwards, fossils of ancestral apes convey been thoroughly studied. Man vs Ape Man 1. Leads terrestrial life 2. Walks fully erect afterward infancy on the soles of the feet. 3. Hind limbs are to a greater extent than powerful, stout in addition to developed than the forelimbs 4. Only pollex is opposable; hallux non opposable, thence create non help inward grasping things. 5. Vertebral column has 2 forrad in addition to the 2 backward curves; lumbar crimp facilitates erect posture. 6.Head erect in addition to balanced on the neck 7. Foramen magnum inward their skull is directed downward. 8. Cranium rounded alongside a cranial capacity of nearly 1450cm3 9. Neck muscles are attached below the encephalon box allowing to a greater extent than gratis drive of caput on the neck. 10. Sole of the human foot lies apartment on the dry reason whlie walking. 11. Face somewhat apartment in addition to forehead ridges

The rusts too smuts are mayhap the around economically of import fungal found pathogens. Rusts: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 found affliction caused past times a fungus of the course of teaching uredinomycetes . The feature symptom is the evolution of spots or pustules bearing masses of powdery spores which are commonly rust coloured, yellow, or brown. Infected plants may too exhibit distortions or gall similar too distortions or gall similar swellings. Smuts: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 found affliction caused past times a fungus of the club Ustilaginales . Many types of found tin hold upwardly affected, but smuts are peculiarly of import inwards cereals too other grasses. The symptoms include the formation of masses of lack soot similar spores too infected plants frequently exhibit to a greater extent than or less degrees of distortions. Rusts vs Smuts Rusts Smuts Common mention given because of the “rusty” appearance caused past times disease, inwa

In around fungi truthful sexual bike comprising of nuclear fusion together with meiosis is absent. These fungi derive the benefits of sexuality through a bike known every bit parasexual bike (parasexuality). it was starting fourth dimension discovered past times Pontecarvo together with Roper of University of Glasgow(1952) inwards Aspergillus nidulans , the imperfect phase of Embericella nidulans . The parasexual cycle is defined every bit a bike inwards which plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm), karyogamy (fusion of nuclei) together with meiosis accept house but non at a specified fourth dimension or at specified points inwards the life bike of an organism. The members of course of education Deuteromycetes inwards which sexual bike does non occur, demonstrate parasexual bike generally. Difference betwixt Sexual Cycle together with Parasexual Cycle Sexual Cycle Parasexual Cycle Nuclear fusion takes house inwards specialised structures. Nuclear fusion takes h

Fungi: One of the taxonomic kingdoms, comprising eukaryotic, non photosynthetic organisms, which obtain nutrients yesteryear the absorption of organic compounds from their surroundings.  Fungi commonly convey chitin containing prison theatre cellular telephone walls too may hold upward unicellular, filamentous. They may alive saprophytically, symbiotically, parasitically, etc. Some tin effort disease inwards plants or animals, including humans. Distribution is cosmopolitan. As fungi to a greater extent than oftentimes than non lack difficult parts, they are rarely flora equally fossils, exactly possible thread similar representatives convey been flora inwards Precambrian rocks. Classification of Fungi Lichen: H5N1 type of composite organism which consists of a fungus (the mycobiont) too an alga (the phycobiont) living inwards symbiotic association. H5N1 lichen thallus may hold upward crust like( crustose ), scaly or leafy( foliose ), or shrubby (fruticose), according to the spec

Algae: mutual refer for a relatively uncomplicated type of eukaryotic industrial plant life which is never differentiated into root, stalk as well as leaves; which contains chlorophyll a every bit the primary photosynthetic pigments; which has no truthful vascular system; as well as inwards which  at that spot is no sterile layer of cells surrounding the reproductive organs. The algae attain inwards shape from eukaryotic unmarried cells to plants many metres inwards length. Algae tin dismiss hold upwards industrial plant life inwards nigh habitats on earth, although the bulk occur inwards freshwater or marine environments.  Bryophytes: The term bryophyta is used every bit a collective refer to correspond a grouping of plants that includes the mosses (musci), hornworts as well as liverworts (Hepaticae) growing predominantly inwards amphibious environment. These are able to alive on nation too every bit inwards water. Algae vs Bryophytes Algae Bryophytes Usu

Bryophytes : The term bryophyta is used equally a collective refer to stand upward for a grouping of plants that includes the mosses (musci), hornworts together with liverworts (Hepaticae) growing predominantly inwards amphibious environment. Pteridophyta ( Pteridophytes ): Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 partitioning of the plant kingdom , comprising the vascular cryptogams. They are flowerless plants exhibiting alternation of 2 distinct together with different generations, the start is a non sexual, spore bearing sporophytic generation. The minute is a sexual, gametophyte generation, inwards which the plants to a greater extent than ofttimes than non are relatively small, together with without differentiation of stem, leaves together with root The pteridophytes includes the next classes: Lycopsida ( Lycopodium , Selagnella ), Sphenopsida ( Equisetum ), Psilopsida ( Psilotum ), together with Filicopsida (ferns) Bryophytes vs Pteridophytes Bryophytes Pteridophytes

All multicellular organisms start amongst a unmarried fertilized egg which multiply yesteryear prison theatre cellular telephone division.The novel cells arise yesteryear the sectionalization of the pre existing cells ( Rudolf Virchow ,1885).The way of prison theatre cellular telephone sectionalization is fundamentally similar inward all organisms. There are ii types of prison theatre cellular telephone divisions:(a) Mitosis & (b) Meiosis Mitosis ( Equational Division) It is type of prison theatre cellular telephone sectionalization inward which chromosomes of nurture cells are duplicated in addition to as distributed into ii immature adult woman cells.Term mitosis is derived from Greek word "Mitos" means thread or fibril. It was initiatory of all observed yesteryear Strasburger inward found cells (1870) in addition to Boveri and Flemming inward beast prison theatre cellular telephone (1879).  It is divided into four stages or phases: Prophase, Metapha

Any device which converts oestrus issue energy into mechanical issue energy is called oestrus engine. Heat engines of ii types. External combustion engine(steam engine) in addition to internal combustion engine (petrol or Diesel). Petrol Engine vs Diesel Engine Petrol Engine Diesel Engine Petrol engine uses petrol equally fuel Diesel stone oil is the fuel inwards diesel fuel engine It is lite compact machine in addition to is close suitable for purpose inwards aeroplanes. It is compact, heavy in addition to robust machine in addition to unfit for purpose inwards aeroplanes because of heaviness. A spark plug is required for initial ignition No spark plug is required to get-go ignition The spark plug fails to arrive at the spark sometimes in addition to breakdowns are quaint frequent. It has no spark plug in addition to thus has fewer chances of breakdown. The running terms is high equally it uses petrol which is a refined stone oil in addition to is fairly

Ovaries secrete steroid hormones which regulate woman soul reproductive organs. Estrogens in addition to progesterone are 2 of import ovarian hormones. Estrogens are secreted past times the theca interna of ovarian follicles. Besides, corpus luteum likewise secrets closed to estrogens. There are 2 of import naturally occurring estrogens, estradiol in addition to estrone. The secretion of estrogens is stimulated past times the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) of the anterior pituitary. It is typical steroid hormone. It stimulates the growth, maturation in addition to functions of woman soul secondary sexual activity organs similar uterus, fallopian tubes in addition to the duct organisation of mammary glands. It is likewise develops in addition to maintains external woman soul sexual activity characters similar high pitch woman soul vox in addition to the woman soul designing of trunk pilus distribution. Progesterone is mainly secreted past times corpus luteum inwards

Diabetes Mellitus   It is characterized by  hyperglycemia (high blood saccharide level), glycosuria (glucose inwards urine), polyuria ( increased book of urine due to the osmotic lawsuit of glucose),  polydipsia (excessivie thirst), polyphagia (excessive appetite). It is due to the hyposecretion of insulin or lack of insulin.  It is of 2 types:- Diabetes Type I and Diabetes Type II . Diabetes Type I ( Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, IDDM): It is cased due to deficient insulin production past times pancreas because either beta cells of islets of Langerhans are non able to attain insulin or beta cells are absent. Diabetes Type II (Insulin Independent or Non insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, NIDDM):   It is an inherited recessive autosomal disorder appearing afterward the historic menstruation of forty years inwards which the cells neglect to receive got upward insulin from blood. It results inwards deficient passage of glucose course of pedagogy blood into the

A moving ridge is disturbance which propagates unloose energy from 1 house to other without carry of matter. A familiar illustration is the ripples formed on the surface of H2O when a rock is thrown on H2O inward a pond. The ripple travels inward concentric circles of always increasing radius till they blast the boundary of the pond. Types of waves: Longitudinal wave: If the noise of the particles of the medium conveying a moving ridge are to as well as fro as well as parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave, as well as thence the moving ridge is called a longitudinal wave. Transverse wave: If the noise of the particles of the medium conveying a moving ridge are perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave, the moving ridge is called a transverse wave. Longitudinal moving ridge vs Transverse wave Longitudinal wave Transverse waves Particles inward the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave. The p

Tumours tin hand the sack educate anywhere on the surface or inwards the interior of the body. Not all tumours are however, cancerous. Two full general types of tumours are recognised: 1. Benign or non malignant and 2. Cancerous or malignant. Benign or Non malignant Tumour vs Cancerous or Malignant tumour Benign or Non malignant Tumour Cancerous or Malignant tumour It is enclosed inwards the connection tissue. It is non enclosed inwards whatsoever specific tissue. It remains confined to the site of its origin. It is non confined to the tissues. It may grow inwards size but does non spread to other parts of the body. The cancerous cells are carried yesteryear blood or lymph to other parts of the trunk where they spread secondary cancers or metastasis. Growth of neoplasm may crusade only about hurting if it is processed against only about vital organ or tissue

Cnidarians accept 2 types of trunk forms, viz., polyp in addition to medusa. The polyp is cylindrical in addition to normally fixed. It represents the asexual stage. The medusa is umbrella similar in addition to normally gratis swimming. It represents the sexual phase. Polyp vs Medusa Polyp Medusae 1. Fixed, rarely free, institute virtually H2O grade attached to rocks. 1. Free swimming, institute inwards opened upwardly waters. 2. Body cylindrical amongst a long stem (Hydra). 2. Body saucer shaped, umbrella similar amongst a reduced stem (Jellyfish). 3. Body attached below in addition to thence that manubrium is straight upward. 3. Base inwards a higher house in addition to thence that manubrium hangs downward. 4. Velum is absent 4. Velum is present. 5. Sense organs absent 5. Statocysts acquaint at the bases of 8 adradial tentacles.